SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR OLDER FARMERS: AN INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW OF COVERAGE, ADEQUACY, AND INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES
DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.24077315Published:
2026-11-06Downloads
Abstract
As demographic ageing accelerates across developing economies, older farmers underpin national food security while remaining structurally exposed to volatile incomes, physical decline, and the absence of retirement guarantees. This study conducts an integrative literature review of 35 peer-reviewed and institutional publications (2015–2026) examining social protection for older farmers across three dimensions: coverage, adequacy, and institutional challenges. The synthesized evidence reveals a persistent divide between statutory eligibility and effective coverage, driven by agricultural informality, rigid contributory mechanisms, proxy-means targeting errors, and spatial delivery disparities. Moreover, prevailing social assistance transfers exhibit severe adequacy deficits, functioning merely as marginal cash supplements that fail to alleviate chronic geriatric nutritional insecurity, thereby compelling vulnerable seniors into hazardous, involuntary late-life labor. These deficits are reinforced by institutional barriers, wherein onerous administrative burdens spanning learning, compliance, and psychological costs are exacerbated by unmediated digital-by-default public services and fragmented governance. Conceptually, coverage, adequacy, and administration operate as an interlocking cycle of agrarian deprivation. Policy efforts must prioritize expanding effective coverage through non-contributory pensions, recalibrating benefit adequacy against geriatric living thresholds, and simplifying implementation via accessible non-digital service pathways and harmonized data systems.
Keywords:
Benefit Adequacy Effective Coverage Integrative Literature Review Older Farmers Social ProtectionReferences
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